Lead Levels in Hair and Blood of Container Truck Drivers at PT. Trans Indo Sakti Surabaya
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35882/ijahst.v3i4.285Keywords:
Lead, container truck drivers, hair, blood, Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS)Abstract
Lead is one of the heavy metals used as an additive in gasoline to enhance lubrication and combustion efficiency in motor vehicles, such as container truck drivers, and is commonly found on highways. Truck drivers have a higher tendency to inhale air containing lead while on the road, which can lead to poisoning. Hair and blood can serve as biomarkers of lead exposure in the body. The purpose of this research is to determine the lead levels in the hair and blood of container truck drivers at PT. Trans Indo Sakti Surabaya using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). This research is a descriptive study conducted at the Analytical Chemistry Laboratory of the Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Health Polytechnic Ministry of Health Surabaya and the Standardization and Industrial Services Center Laboratory in Surabaya from October 2022 to May 2023. The samples used in the study are 15 container truck drivers, selected using purposive sampling technique. This study demonstrates results of the lowest hair lead level value at 0.1936 µg/g and the highest at 3.026 µg/g. Among the respondents, 9 were categorized as having normal levels, while 6 respondents were categorized as having abnormal levels. For the blood samples, the lowest lead level obtained was 0.146 µg/dL and the highest was 3.81 µg/dL. The lead levels are still categorized as normal. The presence of lead in the body is influenced by age, length of employment, duration of work, and smoking habits.
Downloads
References
Supriyono, H., Anton, S., Fadillah, U., & Harismah, K. (2019). Design of a Microcontroller-Based Motor Vehicle Exhaust Gas Emission Meter. Proceeding of The URECOL, 57-61.
Machdar, I. (2018). Introduction to Pollution Control: Water Pollution, Air Pollution, and Noise. Deepublish.
Rinawati, D., Barlian, B., & Tsamara, G. (2020). Identification of Blood Lead (Pb) Levels in Operators of Gas Station 34-42115 Serang City. Journal of Medikes (Health Information Media), 7(1), 1-8.
Statistics, B. P. (2020). Official Statistical News. Bps. Go. Id, 27, 1-52.
Hasan, W., Matondang, A.R., Syahrin, A., & Wahyuni, C.U. (2013). Effect of Gender and Smoking Habit on Blood Lead Level. National Journal of Public Health Vol 8 (4) pp: 164-168.
Rosmiarti, & Amalia, H. T. (2014). Analysis of Lead (Pb) Levels in the Blood of Ojek Drivers at KM 5 Ojek Base Palembang 2014. Polytechnic of Health Ministry of Health Kupang.
Khoiriyah, K. (2020). Giving Green Coconut Water to Reduce Lead (Pb) Levels in Gas Station Operator Workers. Poltekkes Kemenkes Surabaya.
Rosita, B., & Widiarti, L. (2018, August). Relationship between Blood Lead (Pb) Toxicity and Hemoglobin of Motorcycle Painting Workers in Pekanbaru. In Proceedings of Pioneer Health Seminar (Vol. 1, No. 1).
Grant, L. D. (2020). Lead and Compounds. Environmental Toxicants: Human Exposures and Their Health Effects, 627-675.
Mayaserli, D. P., & Renowati, R. (2018). Analysis of Lead Metal (Pb) Levels in Hair of Gas Station Employees. Sainstek: Journal of Science and Technology, 9(1), 19-25.
Astuti, S. R., Nurhajarini, D. R., & Nurdiyanto, N. (2016). Surabaya port development and surrounding socio-economic life in the 20th century. Balai Pelestarian Nilai Budaya Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta.
Zidan, Z. A. (2021). Lead levels in the hair of truck drivers at the Terboyo Semarang Terminal freight transportation facility. Poltekkes Kemenkes Semarang.
Alimudin, W., & Sulfiani, S. (2021). Analisis Kadar Timbal (Pb) Pada Rambut Sopir Angkutan Umum Dengan Metode Spektrofotometer Serapan Atom (AAS). Jurnal Media Analis Kesehatan, 12(2), 145-152.
Lange, G. T. (2019). Analysis of Lead Levels in the Blood of Public Transportation Conductors on the Kupang-Noelbaki Bemo Line in Kupang City. Poltekkes Kemenkes Kupang.
Yenni, M. (2021). Analysis of Blood Lead Metal Levels of Public Gasoline Filling Station (SPBU) Officers in Jambi City. Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge, 1(5), 773-776.
Sumba, I. H. (2019). Analysis of Lead Metal (Pb) Levels in the Blood of Officers of Public Gasoline Filling Stations (Spbu) in Oesapa Village, Kupang City. Poltekkes Kemenkes Kupang.
Wiratama, S., Sitorus, S., & Kartika, R. (2018). Bioaccumulation Study of Pb Metal Ions in Hair and Blood of Operators of Public Fuel Filling Station, Jalan Sentosa, Samarinda. Atomic Journal, 3(1), 1-8.
Indonesian Ministry of Health. (2013). Basic Health Research: Riskesdas 2013. 117-132, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. Jakarta.
Qoriah, D. I., Setiani, O., & Dewanti, N. A. Y. (2017). The Relationship Between Working Period and Blood Lead (Pb) Levels in Metal Casting Industry Workers Cv. Bonjor Jaya in Batur Village, Ceper, Klaten. Journal of Public Health (Undip), 3(3), 688-701.
Kamilatussaniah, K., Yuniastuti, A., & Iswari, R. S. (2015). Effect of longan honey supplementation on TSA and MDA levels in lead (Pb)-induced white rats. Indonesian Journal of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, 38(2), 108-114.
Sofyan, N., Wintarsih, I., & Ismail, A. (2020). Analysis of blood lead levels of street vendors at Kampung Rambutan Terminal. Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, 10(4), 607-615.
Wulandari, D. D., Rohmah, W., Nidianti, E., Santoso, A. P. R., & Andini, A. (2021). Effect of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Use, Mileage and Smoking Habits on Hair Lead (Pb) Levels. Medicra: Journal of Medical Laboratory Science/Technology, 4(1), 50-53.
Humairo, M. V., & Keman, S. (2017). Blood Lead Levels and Central Nervous System Complaints in Unipress Printing Workers Surabaya. Journal of Environmental Health, 9(1), 48-56.
Amalia, R. (2016). Analysis of the Relationship between Lead (Pb), Zinc Protoporphyrin and Iron (Fe) Levels in Blood Samples of Gas Station Operators in Semarang City. Semarang State University.
Nurfadillah, A. R. (2019). Air lead and blood lead exposure with blood pressure and hemoglobin (Hb) of gas station operators. Journal Health & Science: Gorontalo Journal Health and Science Community, 3(2), 53-59.
Ardillah, Y. (2016). Risk Factors for Blood Lead Content. Journal of Public Health Sciences, 7(3), 150-155..
Huwaida, T. A., Rahardjo, M., & Setiani, O. (2016). Risk Factors Associated With Blood Lead (Pb) Concentration In Workers At Wido Cigarette Company In Kudus Regency. Journal of Public Health (Undip), 4(3), 911-920.
Rosita, B., & Mustika, H. (2019). The Relationship of Lead (Pb) Metal Toxicity Level with the Picture of Blood Smear Preparations in Active Smokers. Journal of Pioneer Health, 6(1), 14-20.
Saxena, P., & Sonwani, S. (2019). Criteria air pollutants and their impact on environmental health (Vol. 1, No. 1). Springer Singapore.
Collin, M. S., Venkatraman, S. K., Vijayakumar, N., Kanimozhi, V., Arbaaz, S. M., Stacey, R. S., ... & Swamiappan, S. (2022). Bioaccumulation of lead (Pb) and its effects on human: A review. Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances, 7, 100094.
Forsyth, J. E., Weaver, K. L., Maher, K., Islam, M. S., Raqib, R., Rahman, M., ... & Luby, S. P. (2019). Sumber-sumber paparan timbal dalam darah di pedesaan Bangladesh. Ilmu & teknologi lingkungan, 53(19), 11429-11436.
Priyadarshanee, M., Mahto, U., & Das, S. (2022). Mechanism of toxicity and adverse health effects of environmental pollutants. In Microbial biodegradation and bioremediation (pp. 33-53). Elsevier.
Zhang, Y., O'Connor, D., Xu, W., & Hou, D. (2020). Blood lead levels among Chinese children: the shifting influence of industry, traffic, and e-waste over three decades. Environment international, 135, 105379.
Fiłon, J., Ustymowicz-Farbiszewska, J., & Krajewska-Kułak, E. (2020). Analysis of lead, arsenic and calcium content in the hair of children with autism spectrum disorder. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1-8.
Wei, W., Wu, X., Bai, Y., Li, G., Feng, Y., Meng, H., ... & Guo, H. (2020). Lead exposure and its interactions with oxidative stress polymorphisms on lung function impairment: Results from a longitudinal population-based study. Environmental research, 187, 109645.
Goyal, T., Mitra, P., Singh, P., Sharma, S., & Sharma, P. (2021). Assessement of blood lead and cadmium levels in occupationally exposed workers of Jodhpur, Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry, 36, 100-107.
Bulka, C. M., Bryan, M. S., Persky, V. W., Daviglus, M. L., Durazo-Arvizu, R. A., Parvez, F., ... & Argos, M. (2019). Changes in blood pressure associated with lead, manganese, and selenium in a Bangladeshi cohort. Environmental Pollution, 248, 28-35.
Lin, Z., Wang, H., Jones, A. W., Wang, F., Zhang, Y., & Rao, Y. (2020). Evaluation and review of ways to differentiate sources of ethanol in postmortem blood. International journal of legal medicine, 134, 2081-2093.
Charkiewicz, A. E., & Backstrand, J. R. (2020). Lead toxicity and pollution in Poland. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(12), 4385.
Levin, R., Vieira, C. L. Z., Mordarski, D. C., & Rosenbaum, M. H. (2020). Lead seasonality in humans, animals, and the natural environment. Environmental research, 180, 108797.
Ali, M. M., Hossain, D., Al-Imran, A., Khan, M. S., Begum, M., & Osman, M. H. (2021). Environmental pollution with heavy metals: A public health concern. Heavy Metals-Their Environmental Impacts and Mitigation, 771-783.
Natasha, Dumat, C., Shahid, M., Khalid, S., & Murtaza, B. (2020). Lead pollution and human exposure: forewarned is forearmed, and the question now becomes how to respond to the threat!. Lead in Plants and the Environment, 33-65.
Briffa, J., Sinagra, E., & Blundell, R. (2020). Heavy metal pollution in the environment and their toxicological effects on humans. Heliyon, 6(9).
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Juliana Christyaningsih, Amiliya Antika Dewi, Ayu Puspitasari
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlikel 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
